STARSET_MirrorAstrophysicists Just Made a New Count of All the Dark Matter and Dark Energy in the Universe
A new analysis of more than 1,500 supernovae has put fresh precision on measurements of the dark matter and dark energy that permeate our universe.
一项对1500多颗超新星的新分析，为宇宙中弥漫的暗物质和暗能量的测量提供了新的精度。
According to the research, about two-thirds of the cosmos (66.2%) is made up of dark energy, and the remaining third (33.8%) is made up of matter. Almost all matter is what’s called “dark,” meaning we can’t actually see it—we only know it’s there because we can measure its gravitational effects. The regular matter we can touch and see makes up less than 5% of the universe. The team’s analysis, called Pantheon+, is published today in The Astrophysical Journal.
根据这项研究，大约三分之二的宇宙(66.2%)是由暗能量组成的，剩下的三分之一(33.8%)是由物质组成的。几乎所有的物质都是所谓的“黑暗的”，这意味着我们实际上看不到它——我们知道它的存在只是因为我们可以测量它的引力效应。我们可以触摸和看到的普通物质只占宇宙的不到5%。该团队的分析被称为Pantheon+，今天发表在《天体物理学杂志》上。
The results also have implications for astrophysicists’ measurements of the Hubble constant, the number describing the rate of the universe’s expansion. This number has long been a puzzle, because it changes significantly depending on whether you measure it locally or on a cosmic scale.
这一结果也对天体物理学家对哈勃常数(描述宇宙膨胀速率的数字)的测量产生了影响。这个数字长期以来一直是一个谜，因为它的变化很大，取决于你是在局部还是在宇宙尺度上测量它。
“We have nailed down dark energy more precisely than ever to the leading theory, the cosmological constant, suggesting that the universe behaves in the way that can be explained by the simplest theory,” said Dillon Brout, an astrophysicist and Einstein Fellow at the Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian and the paper’s lead author. “In principle this is great, however our same dataset also brings the Hubble tension to a new level.” More on that tension in a moment.
“我们已经比以往任何时候都更精确地将暗能量与主要理论——宇宙常数——联系在一起，这表明宇宙的行为可以用最简单的理论来解释，”哈佛大学和史密森尼天体物理中心的天体物理学家、爱因斯坦研究员狄龙·布劳特说，他也是该论文的主要作者。“从原则上讲，这很棒，但我们同样的数据集也将哈勃的紧张关系提升到了一个新的水平。”稍后再详细讨论这种紧张关系。
Matter is all the stuff in the universe; dark matter is the unaccounted-for mass in the universe we cannot directly observe but is evidenced in its gravitational effects. Dark matter candidates include axions, WIMPs, and other subatomic particles—it could also be a combination of these theorized masses, or something else entirely. Dark energy (similarly named because we don’t know exactly what constitutes it) is what drives the universe’s accelerating expansion.
物质是宇宙中的所有物质;暗物质是宇宙中未知的物质，我们无法直接观测到，但它的引力效应证明了这一点。暗物质候选者包括轴子、弱相互作用大质量粒子和其他亚原子粒子——它也可能是这些理论质量的组合，或者完全是其他东西。暗能量(名称相似，因为我们不知道它的确切组成部分)是推动宇宙加速膨胀的动力。
Pantheon+ looked at the rate of the universe’s expansion using Type Ia supernovae, the violent explosions that mark the end of stars’ life. Astrophysicists can use the apparent brightness and redshift of these supernovae to figure out how fast the universe has expanded during different periods of its existence.
Pantheon+ 用Ia型超新星来研究宇宙膨胀的速度，Ia型超新星是一种标志着恒星生命结束的剧烈爆炸。天体物理学家可以利用这些超新星的表观亮度和红移来计算宇宙在其存在的不同时期膨胀的速度。
Pantheon+ builds on Pantheon, itself an analysis of about 1,000 supernovae. The new work is twice as precise as the original Pantheon data. The team also combined their Pantheon+ results with measurements of the universe’s structure and its most ancient light, the cosmic microwave background.
Pantheon+建立在Pantheon的基础上，Pantheon本身是对大约1000颗超新星的分析。新的研究结果是万神殿原始数据的两倍。该团队还将他们的Pantheon+结果与宇宙结构和最古老的光——宇宙微波背景的测量结果结合起来。
Type Ia supernovae are some of the brightest events in the universe, and can outshine entire galaxies. Some of these supernovae happened in the very distant universe, meaning they are more redshifted. As the universe expands, it stretches the light traveling through it; by the time that light reaches Earth, it looks redder (with a longer wavelength) than it was when it was emitted.
Ia型超新星是宇宙中最亮的事物之一，可以比整个星系都亮。其中一些超新星发生在非常遥远的宇宙中，这意味着它们更红移。当宇宙膨胀时，它拉伸了穿过它的光;当光线到达地球时，它看起来比发射时更红(波长更长)。
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